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Sairaaloiden ohjeistus kemikaalionnettomuuden varalle

Kemikaalionnettomuuksien laajuus ja luonne vaihtelevat huomattavasti. Kyse voi olla yhden altistuneen hoitoon johtavasta tilanteesta, toisaalta kemikaalionnettomuus voi aiheuttaa suuren altistuman ja useiden potilaiden hoitokapasiteettitarpeen yhdestä onnettomuudesta tilannetta hoitavalle sairaalle. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkittiin, mikä on Suomessa sairaaloille suunnattu yleinen ohjeistus varautumisessa kemikaalionnettomuuksissa altistuneiden hoitoon. Lisäksi työssä selvitettiin, kuinka sairaaloita on ohjeistettu toteuttamaan johtamistoimintaansa kemikaalionnettomuuksissa sekä toteuttamaan johtamisen tukena tilannekuvan ylläpitoa kemikaalionnettomuudessa. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin tapaustutkimusta. Tapauksena käytettiin Lahdessa taajama-alueella tapahtunut kemikaalirekan onnettomuutta, joka tilanteena oli tutkijoille entuudestaan tuttu. Tapaustutkimuksen pohjana toimi haettu materiaali ja tästä tehty laadullinen analyysi. Vaikka tutkimuksen taustana käytetyssä tapauksessa ei aiheutunutkaan kemikaalille altistumisia, olivat riskit suuronnettomuudelle merkittävät. Tämä ohjasi opinnäytetyön tekijöitä toteuttamaan tiedon hankintaa laajasti, mutta kuitenkin rajatusti. Opinnäytetyön tiedonhaku rajattiin kohdistumaan Suomen lisäksi EU-alueeseen. Tulokset esitetään tapahtuman ja haetun materiaalin mukaisessa kronologisessa järjestyksessä, kirjoitettuna ja kuvaksi avattuna. Opinnäytetyön tuotoksena tehtiin prosessikuvaus sairaalan val-miudesta toimia kemikaalionnettomuudessa. Prosessikuvaus toteutettiin siten, että siinä on kuvattuna kokonaisvaltaisesti kemikaalien aiheuttamien onnettomuustilanteiden hoitamiseen liittyvät osa-alueet. Opinnäytetyön johtopäätöksenä todettiin, että ohjeistusta kemikaalionnettomuuksissa toimimiseksi sairaalassa on saatavilla eri lähteistä. Ohjeistus on kuitenkin hyvin pirstaloitunutta, eikä sairaaloita varten ole käytettävissä keskitettyjä toimintaohjeita. Sairaaloiden häiriötilannejohtamista on ohjeistettu hyvin vähäisesti, kemikaalionnettomuustoiminnan johtamista ei ole ohjeistettu lainkaan. Tilannekuvan ylläpitämistä sairaalan toiminnan johtamisen tukena ei opinnäytetyön tulosten mukaan ole ohjeistettu lainkaan.The extent and nature of chemical accidents vary greatly. There may be only one affected person at the scene in need of treatment, or the accident may result in vast contamination and a large number of patients in treatment. In this thesis, it was examined what kind of guidelines exist for hospitals regarding chemical accidents. In addition, the study examined how hospitals are instruct-ed to carry out management activities in support of the management of chemical accidents as well as to maintain a situational picture of the accident. Case study was used as the study method. The case used in this study was a truck accident in a densely populated area in Lahti, which was already a familiar situation to the researchers. The acquired material and a qualitative analysis of it functioned as the basis of the case study. Even though the background case for the research did not cause chemical risks or exposure, the risk of a mass casualty incident was significant. This directed the researchers to carry out the acquisition of information extensively, but in a limited way. The search was limited to Finland and the EU ar-ea. The results are presented in chronological order, in writing and as a picture. A process map of hospital chemical preparedness was done as an output of the study. The description of the process was carried out in such a way that it depicts holistically the areas of treating situations related to chemical accidents. As a conclusion of the study, it was found that guidance for hospitals is available from various sources. However, the guidance is very fragmented, and there is no single source of guidelines for hospitals. There are very limited instructions for managing hospitals in case of disturbance, and there are no instructions for the management of chemical accidents. According to the results, there are no instructions for maintaining a situational view in support of operational management of a hospital

Credit Risk Evaluation in Peer-to-peer Lending With Linguistic Data Transformation and Supervised Learning

The widespread availability of various peer-to-peer lending solutions is rapidly changing the landscape of ï¬nancial services. Beside the natural advantages over traditional services,a relevant problem in the domain is to correctly assess the risk associated with borrowers. In contrast to traditional ï¬nancial services industries, in peer-to-peer lending the unsecured nature of loans as well as the relative novelty of the platforms make the assessment of risk a difï¬cult problem. In this article we propose to use traditional machine learning methods enhanced with fuzzy set theory based transformation of data to improve the quality of identifying loans with high likelihood of default. We assess the proposed approach on a real-life dataset from one of the largest peer-to-peer platforms in Europe. The results demonstrate that (i) traditional classiï¬cation algorithms show good performance in classifying borrowers, and (ii) their performance can be improved using linguistic data transformatio

IF WE LOSE THE ARCTIC : Finland’s Arctic thinking from the 1980s to present day

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JOS MENETÄMME ARKTIKSEN : Suomen arktisen ajattelun kehitys 1980-luvulta nykypäivään

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Density Estimates as Representations of Agricultural Fields for Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring of Tillage and Vegetation Cover

We consider the use of remote sensing for large-scale monitoring of agricultural land use, focusing on classification of tillage and vegetation cover for individual field parcels across large spatial areas. From the perspective of remote sensing and modelling, field parcels are challenging as objects of interest due to highly varying shape and size but relatively uniform pixel content and texture. To model such areas we need representations that can be reliably estimated already for small parcels and that are invariant to the size of the parcel. We propose representing the parcels using density estimates of remote imaging pixels and provide a computational pipeline that combines the representation with arbitrary supervised learning algorithms, while allowing easy integration of multiple imaging sources. We demonstrate the method in the task of the automatic monitoring of autumn tillage method and vegetation cover of Finnish crop fields, based on the integrated analysis of intensity of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) polarity bands of the Sentinel-1 satellite and spectral indices calculated from Sentinel-2 multispectral image data. We use a collection of 127,757 field parcels monitored in April 2018 and annotated to six tillage method and vegetation cover classes, reaching 70% classification accuracy for test parcels when using both SAR and multispectral data. Besides this task, the method could also directly be applied for other agricultural monitoring tasks, such as crop yield prediction

Density Estimates as Representations of Agricultural Fields for Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring of Tillage and Vegetation Cover

We consider the use of remote sensing for large-scale monitoring of agricultural land use, focusing on classification of tillage and vegetation cover for individual field parcels across large spatial areas. From the perspective of remote sensing and modelling, field parcels are challenging as objects of interest due to highly varying shape and size but relatively uniform pixel content and texture. To model such areas we need representations that can be reliably estimated already for small parcels and that are invariant to the size of the parcel. We propose representing the parcels using density estimates of remote imaging pixels and provide a computational pipeline that combines the representation with arbitrary supervised learning algorithms, while allowing easy integration of multiple imaging sources. We demonstrate the method in the task of the automatic monitoring of autumn tillage method and vegetation cover of Finnish crop fields, based on the integrated analysis of intensity of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) polarity bands of the Sentinel-1 satellite and spectral indices calculated from Sentinel-2 multispectral image data. We use a collection of 127,757 field parcels monitored in April 2018 and annotated to six tillage method and vegetation cover classes, reaching 70% classification accuracy for test parcels when using both SAR and multispectral data. Besides this task, the method could also directly be applied for other agricultural monitoring tasks, such as crop yield prediction.Peer reviewe

Effects of grass-red clover silage digestibility and concentrate protein concentration on performance, carcass value, eating quality and economy of finishing Hereford bulls reared in cold conditions

The aim of the present experiment was to study the effects of (1) digestibility of grass-red clover silage (GCS) and (2) concentrate protein concentration on the performance, eating quality and economy of Hereford bulls during a six months pre-slaughter period, and reared in cold indoor facilities. Thirty-one bulls with an initial live weight (LW) of 289 kg were selected for a 2 �~ 2 factorial design experiment consisting of two primary growth GCSs harvested at different maturities (in vitro digestible organic matter (OM) in dry matter (DM), D value: Early-cut, E, 750 g kg-1 DM; Late-cut, L, 699 g kg-1 DM) and two concentrate crude protein concentrations (Medium, M, 170 g kg-1 DM; High, H, 210 g kg-1 DM). The concentrate comprised milled barley and pelleted commercial protein compound and was offered daily on average 3.2 kg DM, including 0.45 and 1.13 kg of rapeseed cake in M and H, respectively. Grass-red clover silage was offered ad libitum. The target cold carcass weight was 330 kg.The proportion of concentrate of the total daily DM intake averaged 0.337 during the entire experiment. Treatments had no effect on the daily intake of GCS, total intake of DM, DM intake kg-1 LW0.75 and metabolizable energy averaging 6.0 and 9.4 kg DM, 97.4 g and 109.4 MJ, respectively. The digestibility of dietary OM and neutral detergent fibre was lower (p < 0.05, 0.733 vs. 0.769 and 0.625 vs. 0.665) on diet L than on diet E. The animals on diet E tended to consume daily on average 1.29 kg less (p < 0.10) DM kg-1 net weight gain than those on diet L. The time to achieve the target carcass weight was on average 18 days longer (p < 0.01) on diet L than on diet E. During the entire experiment the LW gain averaged 1795 and 1609 g d-1 (p < 0.01) on diets E and L, respectively. The concentrate protein concentration did not affect animal performance. Treatments had no significant effect on the kill-out proportion, EUROP carcass conformation and carcass fat classification which averaged 537 g kg-1, 6.5 and 3.6, respectively. The eating quality of the tested loins was good. Treatments had only a minor effect on the yield of valuable cuts. It is concluded that the digestibility of silage is important since the early-cut silage improved the growth rate and shortened the finishing period of bulls significantly compared with those fed late-cut silage. The lower yield and, thus, higher unit cost of early.cut silage may, however, invalidate its superiority compared with the late.cut silage. There was no benefit from using concentrate of high protein concentration

Research orientation among general practitioners compared to other specialties

Objective The volume of research work done by general practitioners (GP) is modest compared to other specialties. In order to find out reasons for this we examined the current situation concerning research orientation and factors relating to them among Finnish GPs compared to other specialists. Design and setting Data from The Physician 2018 Study were used for our research. The study was undertaken in collaboration with all five medical faculties in Finland and the Finnish Medical Association. It compiled information on physicians` social background, work history and career and research plans as well as their views regarding undergraduate and specialist training, values, and professional identity. Subjects The basic study population comprised all Finnish doctors under 70 years of age (N = 23,131). Questionnaires were sent to doctors born on even-numbered days (n = 11,336). Altogether 5,214 (45.8%) responded. Responses from GPs (n = 796) were compared with those of doctors in other specialties (n = 3,514). Main outcome measures and results The respondents were asked about their current intention to undertake a doctoral degree. Factors associated with this were analysed. Only 7.3% of GPs had completed a doctoral degree. The corresponding figure in other specialties was 32.3% (p <0.001). In general practice the current intention to undertake a doctoral degree had only slightly increased over ten years. Most GPs had also decided not to undertake a doctorate. The main factors associated with the current intention to complete a doctoral degree were interest in attaining a senior position (OR 3.43, 95% CI 2.25-5.24), a position in a university hospital district (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.69-4.94) or other sector than primary care (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.18-2.96), one's father being a doctor (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.09-3.72) and male gender (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.05-2.54). Conclusion Research work in primary health care has been quite sparse. In general practice there is a need to increase teaching and guidance in research work.Peer reviewe

Atomic Layer Deposition of Insulating AlF3/Polyimide Nanolaminate Films

This article describes the deposition of AlF3/polyimide nanolaminate film by inorganic-organic atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 170 °C. AlCl3 and TiF4 were used as precursors for AlF3. Polyimide layers were deposited from PMDA (pyromellitic dianhydride, 1,2,3,5-benzenetetracarboxylic anhydride) and DAH (1,6-diaminohexane). With field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray reflection (XRR) analysis, it was found that the topmost layer (nominally 10 nm in thickness) of the nanolaminate film (100 nm total thickness) changed when exposed to the atmosphere. After all, the effect on roughness was minimal. The length of a delay time between the AlF3 and polyimide depositions was found to affect the sharpness of the nanolaminate structure. Electrical properties of AlF3/polyimide nanolaminate films were measured, indicating an increase in dielectric constant compared to single AlF3 and a decrease in leakage current compared to polyimide films, respectively